django开发

需求的描述

用户端

可以通过搜索到博客内容
能够根据关键词进行搜索。然后展示出文章列表
能够根据某个分类查看所有关于这一分类的文章
首页看到新到旧的文章列表
能够订阅，能够评论，能够配置友链

作者端

后台需登录进入
创建分类和标签
能够用markdown进行编写
上传文章配图
配置导航
及时更新,收到对应的订阅

ER关系说明

sql语句如下:

CREATE TABLE `user` (
  `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT
);

CREATE TABLE `category` (
  `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `created_time` DATETIME,
  `is_nav` INTEGER,
  `owner` INTEGER
);

CREATE INDEX `idx_category__owner` ON `category` (`owner`);

ALTER TABLE `category` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_category__owner` FOREIGN KEY (`owner`) REFERENCES `user` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

CREATE TABLE `link` (
  `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `title` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `href` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `status` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `created_time` DATETIME,
  `weight` INTEGER,
  `owner` INTEGER
);

CREATE INDEX `idx_link__owner` ON `link` (`owner`);

ALTER TABLE `link` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_link__owner` FOREIGN KEY (`owner`) REFERENCES `user` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

CREATE TABLE `post` (
  `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
  `title` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `description` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `content` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `status` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `create_time` DATETIME,
  `updated_time` DATETIME,
  `category` INTEGER,
  `user` INTEGER
);

CREATE INDEX `idx_post__category` ON `post` (`category`);

CREATE INDEX `idx_post__user` ON `post` (`user`);

ALTER TABLE `post` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_post__category` FOREIGN KEY (`category`) REFERENCES `category` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

ALTER TABLE `post` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_post__user` FOREIGN KEY (`user`) REFERENCES `user` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

CREATE TABLE `comment` (
  `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `nickname` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `email` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `website` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `content` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `created_time` DATETIME,
  `post` INTEGER
);

CREATE INDEX `idx_comment__post` ON `comment` (`post`);

ALTER TABLE `comment` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_comment__post` FOREIGN KEY (`post`) REFERENCES `post` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

CREATE TABLE `sidebar` (
  `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `type` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `title` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `status` INTEGER,
  `content` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `created_time` DATETIME,
  `owner` INTEGER
);

CREATE INDEX `idx_sidebar__owner` ON `sidebar` (`owner`);

ALTER TABLE `sidebar` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_sidebar__owner` FOREIGN KEY (`owner`) REFERENCES `user` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

CREATE TABLE `tag` (
  `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `status` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  `created_tinme` DATETIME,
  `owner` INTEGER
);

CREATE INDEX `idx_tag__owner` ON `tag` (`owner`);

ALTER TABLE `tag` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_tag__owner` FOREIGN KEY (`owner`) REFERENCES `user` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL;

CREATE TABLE `post_tag` (
  `post` INTEGER NOT NULL,
  `tag` INTEGER NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`post`, `tag`)
);

CREATE INDEX `idx_post_tag` ON `post_tag` (`tag`);

ALTER TABLE `post_tag` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_post_tag__post` FOREIGN KEY (`post`) REFERENCES `post` (`id`);

ALTER TABLE `post_tag` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_post_tag__tag` FOREIGN KEY (`tag`) REFERENCES `tag` (`id`)

框架基础

关于django的几个模块

参考官方的文档https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/

Model部分包含

1.1 models 模型的定义相关使用说明

1.2 querysets 在model的基础上查看数据以及定义过滤

1.3 model instances 单个记录，如果CRUD操作

1.4 Migrations 表结构的调整，迁移等操作

1.5 Advanced 使用原生sql，聚合，事务，搜索等相关操作

1.6 其他:数据库优化等操作
View部分包含

2.1 The basics：url配置，增加缓存以及增加限制等

2.2 reference 静态文件和404页面处理。请求和回复对象

2.3 File uploads 文件上传下载存储等

2.4 class-based views 构建和复用view

2.5 advanced 导出csv和pdf格式

2.6 中间件涉及安全和session，缓存等
模版

3.1 the basics 基本配置模版和语法

3.2 逻辑操作

3.3 高效的配置渲染模版
form表单

4.1 基础语法使用

4.2 进阶与model一起操作

编写一个简单的学员管理系统

先安装虚拟环境

1 2	pip install virtualenvwrapper pip install virtualenvwrapper-win

创建一个文件夹student-env为虚拟环境目录,并执行初始化虚拟环境（默认构建在用户下面的ENV环境下。可以做更改,需要新增系统变量）

1	mkvirtualenv student-env

激活虚拟环境

1	workon student-env

停止或者删除环境

1 2	deactivate rmvirtualenv student-env

安装django1.11

1	pip install django==1.11

创建项目

切换到自己喜欢的目录，构建django项目（注意在虚拟环境进行操作）

1 2	mkdir student_house django-admin startproject student_sys

创建App（创建模块）(出现错误可参考https://blog.csdn.net/qq_28194001/article/details/86709006)

1 2	cd student_sys python manage.py startapp student

编写模块代码

VS配置环境参照https://blog.csdn.net/cierlongbu/article/details/103753452

在model.py中编写

class Student(models.Model):
    SEX_ITEMS = [
        (1,'男'),
        (2,'女'),
        (0,'未知')
    ]
    STATUS_ITEMS = [
        (0,'申请'),
        (1,'通过'),
        (2,'拒绝')
    ]
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128, verbose_name='姓名')
    sex = models.IntegerField(choices=SEX_ITEMS, verbose_name='性别')
    profession = models.CharField(max_length=128, verbose_name='职业')
    email =models.EmailField(verbose_name= 'Email')
    qq = models.CharField(max_length=128, verbose_name='QQ')
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=128, verbose_name='电话')
    status = models.IntegerField(choices=STATUS_ITEMS,default=0,verbose_name='审核状态')
    created_time = models.DateField(auto_now_add=True,editable=False,verbose_name='创建时间')

    def __str__(self):
        return '<Student: {}>'.format(self.name)
    
    class Meta:
        verbose_name = verbose_name_plural = '学员信息'

在admin.py中编写

class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('id','name','sex','profession','email','qq','phone','status','created_time')
    list_filter = ('sex','status','created_time')
    search_fields = ('name','profession')
    fieldsets = (
        (None,{
            'fields':(
                'name',
                ('sex','prefession'),
                ('email','qq','phone'),
                'status',
            )
        }),
    )

admin.site.register(Student, StudentAdmin)

注册到setting文件中

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'student',
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

USE_I18N = True

USE_L10N = True

USE_TZ = True

在项目的根目录下执行:

python manage.py makemigreations # 创建数据库迁移文件
python manage.py migrate # 创建表
python manage.py createsuperuser #创建超级用户
python manage.py runserver #启动服务

效果如下：

关于前台页面的开发

在student.py 中

# 定义了一个index方法
def index(request):
    words = 'World!'
    return render(request,'index.html',context={'words':words})  # 在student的templates中寻找index.html,并且上下文内容包含words

注意：在工作空间的json中加入可以解决在django中编写html的问题

"files.associations": {
     "**/*.html": "html",
     "**/templates/**/*.html": "django-html",
     "**/templates/**/*": "django-txt",
     "**/requirements{/**,*}.{txt,in}": "pip-requirements"
 },
 "emmet.includeLanguages": {"django-html": "html"}

在创建的templates的index.html中编写

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>学员管理系统</title>
</head>
<body>
    Hello {{ words }}!
</body>
</html>

在urls.py中配置映射目录

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin

from student.views import index
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^$',index,name='index')  # 匹配所有映射给index函数处理 r代表使用原生字符
]

重新调整

# 定义了一个index方法
def index(request):
    # words = 'World!'
    # return render(request,'index.html',context={'words':words})  # 在student的templates中寻找index.html,并且上下文内容包含words
    students = Student.objects.all() # 获取所有学员信息
    return render(request,'index.html',context={'students':students})

<body>
   <ul>
    {% for student in students %}
        <li>{{student.name}} - {{student.get_status_display}}</li>
    {% endfor %}
   </ul>
</body>

get_status_display自动调用带有choices

效果如下：

提交数据(使用form)

创建一个forms.py文件

from django import forms

from .models import Student

class StudentForm(forms.ModelForm):
# 定义元数据,模型参照student，并且设置显示的字段
    class Meta:
        model = Student
        fields = (
            'name','sex','profession',
            'email','qq','phone'
        )
    
    # 检验QQ必须为数据(示例)
    def clean_qq(self):
        cleaned_data = self.cleaned_data['qq']
        if not cleaned_data.isdigit():
            raise forms.ValidationError('必须为数字')
        return int(cleaned_data)

修改view.py


# 定义了一个index方法
def index(request):
    # words = 'World!'
    # return render(request,'index.html',context={'words':words})  # 在student的templates中寻找index.html,并且上下文内容包含words
    students = Student.objects.all() # 获取所有学员信息
    # 以下为新增代码
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = StudentForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            # 对于手动创建student 可以利用form直接进行保存
            # cleaned_data = form.cleaned_data
            # student = Student()
            # student.name = cleaned_data['name']
            # student.sex = cleaned_data['sex']
            # student.email = cleaned_data['email']
            # student.profession = cleaned_data['profession']
            # student.qq = cleaned_data['qq']
            # student.phone = cleaned_data['phone']
            # student.save()
            form.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('index'))
    else:
        form = StudentForm()
    
    context ={
        'students':students,
        'form':form
    }
    return render(request,'index.html',context=context)

页面调整如下：

<body>
   <ul>
    {% for student in students %}
        <li>{{student.name}} - {{student.get_status_display}}</li>
    {% endfor %}
   </ul>
   <hr>
    <form action="/" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form }}
    <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
</body>

注意:csrf_token是对安全性进行检验

最终效果如下：

优化

一般将数据操作逻辑封装到model层中

1
2
3

@classmethod
def get_all(cls):
    return cls.objects.all()

使用class-based view复用

在views.py中构建以下代码:

from django.views import View

## 使用class-based view 复用
class IndexView(View):
    template_name = 'index.html'

    def get_context(self):
        students = Student.get_all()
        context ={
            'students':students
        }
        return context
    
    ## 匹配get请求
    def get(self,request):
        context = self.get_context()
        form = StudentForm()
        context.update(
            {
                'form':form
            }
        )
        return render(request,self.template_name,context=context)
    
    ## 匹配post请求
    def post(self,request):
        form = StudentForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('index'))
        context =self.get_context()
        context.update({
            'form':form
        })
        return render(request,self.template_name,context=context)

urls.py中引入：

from student.views import index
from student.views import IndexView
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    ## url(r'^$',index,name='index')
    url(r'^$',IndexView.as_view(),name='index')
]

注意：as_view 就是对get和post方法的包装

使用中间件

构建一个middlewares.py文件，代码如下：

class TimeItMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
    def process_request(self,request):
        strs = "1. 处理requset请求，第一个被调用，"
        "处理request中认证头之类"
        print(strs)
        return
    def process_view(self,request,func,*args,**kwargs):
        strs = "2. 用于view处理,其中func即是调用的view"
        print(strs)
        if request.path != reverse('index'):
            return None
        start = time.time()
        #这里调用了view做处理
        response  = func(request)
        costed = time.time() - start
        print("process view used  %d seconds" % (costed,))
        return response

    def process_exception(self,request,Exception):
        strs = "0. 用来处理全部流程中的异常"
        print(strs)
        pass

    def process_template_response(self,request,response):
        strs = "3. 如果处理渲染模板使用了render,就会调用到这里"
        print(strs)
        return response

    def process_response(self,request,response):
        strs = "4. 所有的流程执行完后会返回response给浏览器,在返回之前会调用到这里"
        print(strs)
        return response

加入到setting配置中的中间件中:

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'student.middlewares.TimeItMiddleware', 
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

关于单元测试

参考的文章很多,可以参考https://www.cnblogs.com/fiona-zhong/p/10554197.html